http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_opvet.html A Sabinet RSS feed with the latest modified articles for each journal. http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a1.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Pienaar, Nicolaas J. Thompson, Peter N. </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-13</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> Several outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) have been documented in South Africa since it first occurred in the country in 1950. However, there is no comprehensive account of the timing, location and extent of all known outbreaks. As part of a study investigating the epidemiology of RVF in South Africa, a full history of outbreaks was compiled using references to the disease in South Africa from scientific literature, annual reports, disease reports and animal disease databases. The geographic location and temporal occurrence of each outbreak were recorded as accurately as allowed by the available records. The result was a better and more complete picture than has hitherto been available of the spatial and temporal distribution of RVF in South Africa for the period between 1950 and 2011. Several smaller outbreaks which had not been described previously in literature were documented. Extensive outbreaks occurred in the central interior of the country (Free State, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape provinces), interspersed with smaller outbreaks or long intervening periods of absence, whilst smaller outbreaks occurred in the eastern part of the country (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Gauteng). </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a2.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Musara, Colin Vaillant, Camille </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-4</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> The distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), the probable pacemakers in gastrointestinal motility, was investigated using an antigenic marker of gastric ICC known as C-Kit. Antiserum raised against the general neuronal marker protein gene peptide 9.5 (PGP) as well as the nitrergic neuronal marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were used to investigate the distribution of gastric nerves. Polyclonal goat anti-human C-Kit was reliable in labelling ICC in the stomach. Two classes of ICC were identified according to their distribution: ICC-MY distributed around the periphery of myenteric ganglia and ICC-IM in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. The neuronal marker PGP was reliably consistent in revealing the density and distribution of the enteric nervous system. Density of nerve fibres was higher in circular smooth muscle than in longitudinal smooth muscle. From nNOS immunohistochemistry, it is evident that inhibitory (nitrergic) nerves constitute a substantial fraction of the enteric nervous system. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a3.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Liu, Qiong Gong, Yuheng Cao, Yuqin Wen, Xintian Huang, Xiaobo Yan, Qigui Huang, Yong Cao, Sanjie </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-6</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> The apxIC genes of the <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar</i> 5 (SC-1), encoding the ApxI-activating proteins, was deleted by a method involving sucrose counter-selection. In this study, a mutant strain of <i>A. pleuropneumoniae</i> (SC-1) was constructed and named &#916;apxIC/ ompP2. The mutant strain contained foreign DNA in the deletion site of ompP2 gene of <i>Haemophilus parasuis. </i> It showed no haemolytic activity and lower virulence of cytotoxicity in mice compared with the parent strain, and its safety and immunogenicity were also evaluated in mice. The LD₅₀ data shown that the mutant strain was attenuated 30-fold, compared with the parent strain (LD₅₀ of the mutant strain and parent strain in mice were determined to be 1.0 x 10⁷ CFU and 3.5 x 10⁵ CFU respectively). The mutant strain that was attenuated could secrete inactivated ApxIA RTX toxins with complete antigenicity and could be used as a candidate live vaccine strain against infections of <i>A. pleuropneumoniae</i> and <i>H. parasuis. </i> </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a4.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Madanire-Moyo, Grace Avenant-Oldewage, Annemarie </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-5</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> Cestodes are parasitic flatworms that live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults and often in the liver, muscle, haemocoel, mesentery and brain of various animals as larval stages. To identify the cestodes infecting <i>Clarias gariepinus </i>Burchell, 1822 (sharptooth catfish) in the Vaal Dam, a total of 45 host specimens were collected with the aid of gill nets between October 2011, January and April 2012. The fish were sacrificed and examined for cestode parasites. Two adult cestodes, <i>Tetracampos ciliotheca </i>Wedl, 1861 (prevalence 86.7%, mean intensity = 15, <i>n</i> = 45) and <i>Proteocephalus glanduligerus </i> (Janicki, 1928) (prevalence 51.1%, mean intensity = 5, <i>n</i> = 45) were found in the intestines of the catfish. Both <i>T. ciliotheca </i>and <i>P. glanduligerus </i>are new locality records. There were statistically insignificant differences in the infection of the male and female <i>C. gariepinu</i>. Fish with standard length ranging from 40 cm - 54 cm (&#8805; 3 years) had the highest prevalence and mean intensity while those ranging from 10 cm - 24 cm (&#60; 1 year) had the lowest prevalence and mean intensity for both cestodes. The study highlights the importance of changing feeding habits of <i>C. gariepinus </i>with age on the prevalence and mean intensity of the two gastrointestinal cestode parasites. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a5.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Kgaladi, Joe Nel, Louis H. Markotter, Wanda </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-13</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> Several lyssavirus species occur in Africa (Rabies virus, Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, Shimoni bat virus and Ikoma lyssavirus), displaying a high sequence diversity between isolates belonging to the same species. There is limited information about comparative pathogenesis of these African lyssaviruses and this precludes authoritative opinion on the potential public and veterinary health impact. In this study, an analysis of representative African lyssaviruses attempted to correlate viral genomic sequence similarities and differences with the corresponding pathogenic profiles observed in mice. The study demonstrated that the virus isolates evaluated could be lethal to mice when introduced intramuscularly and that different isolates of the same lyssavirus species differ in their virulence. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), viral RNA was detected in brain tissue, but no viral RNA was detected in the salivary glands or blood of mice that succumbed to infection. Comparison of known pathogenic domains indicated that pathogenicity is likely to be dependent on multiple domains. Cumulatively, our results re-emphasised the realisation that the pathogenicity of a lyssavirus species cannot be deduced based on studies of only a single isolate of the species or a single pathogenic domain. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a6.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Cui, Tingting Xiong, Jun Wang, Yongzhi Wen, Xintian Huang, Xiaobo Huang, Yong Ma, Xiaoping Hu, Zhongkai Zhao, Qin Cao, Sanjie </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-8</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> The attenuated <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> &#967;4550 strain was used to harbour a reconstructed bicistronic DNA vaccine against porcine rotavirus, which carried the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (<i>NSP4</i>) and VP7 genes simultaneously. Using a balanced lethal system, the kanamycin resistance gene of expressing eukaryotic plasmids pVAX1 and pVAXD were replaced by the aspartate &#946;-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (<i>asd</i>) gene. The NSP4 cleavage product (259-525) of rotavirus OSU strain and VP7 full-length genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and then inserted into the eukaryotic single-expression plasmid, pVAX1-asd, and the eukaryotic dual-expression plasmid, pVAXD-asd, respectively. The recombinant plasmids pVAX1-asd-NSP4, pVAX1-asd-VP7 and pVAXD-asd-NSP4-VP7 were transformed into the attenuated <i>S. typhimurium</i> &#967;4550 strain by electrotransformation. An indirect immunofluorescence assay of the expressed COS-7 cell suggested that the recombinant <i>S. typhimurium</i> &#967;4550 strain was constructed successfully. The recombinant <i>S. typhimurium</i> &#967;4550 strain was orally administered to BALB/c mice. The group immunised with dual-expression plasmids produced a significantly higher level of serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) than the group immunised with single-expression plasmids. These results indicated that eukaryotic bicistronic plasmid DNA vaccines could be successfully constructed to enhance humoural, mucosal and cellular immune response against rotavirus infection. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a7.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Van Wyk, Jan A. Mayhew, Estelle </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-14</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> In 2004, a new concept was introduced for simplifying identification of larvae of the common nematodes of cattle, sheep and goats that comprises estimates of the lengths of the sheath tail extensions of infective third-stage larvae (L₃) of each genus and/or species to that of <i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp., instead of having to be dependent only on measurements in micrometre. For example, if the mean length of the sheath tail extension (the extension of the sheath caudad, beyond the caudal tip of the larva) of <i>Trichostrongylus colubriformis</i> and <i>Trichostrongylus axei</i> is assumed to be 'X', then that of <i>Haemonchus contortus</i> is 2.0-2.7 'X' - a difference that is not difficult to estimate. An additional new approach suggested now, particularly for L₃ of species and/or genera difficult to differentiate (such as <i>Chabertia ovina</i> and <i>Oesophagostomum columbianum</i>), is to estimate the proportion of the larval sheath tail extension comprising a terminal thin, whip-like filament. For the experienced person, it is seldom necessary to measure more than one or two sheath tail extensions of L₃ in a mixed culture, because the identity of most of the remaining L₃ can thereafter be estimated in relation to those measured, without having to take further measurements. The aim of this article was to present the novel approach in the form of a working guide for routine use in the laboratory. To facilitate identification, figures and a separate organogram for each of small ruminants and cattle have been added to illustrate the distinguishing features of the common L₃. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a8.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Katsande, Simbarashe Matope, Gift Ndengu, Masimba Pfukenyi, Davies M. </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-7</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical and clinical mastitis and the associated factors in cows from selected smallholder dairy farms in Zimbabwe. Physical examinations were conducted on all lactating cows for evidence of signs of clinical mastitis. Composite milk samples were collected from all lactating cows for bacterial culture and somatic cell counting. Cows were categorised as clinical if they exhibited clinical features of mastitis, or sub-clinical if no apparent signs were present but they had a positive bacterial isolation and a somatic cell count of at least 300 x 10³ cells/mL. Farm-level factors were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The association of mastitis and animal- and herd-level factors were analysed using logistic regression. A total of 584 animals from 73 farms were tested. Overall, 21.1% (123/584) had mastitis, 16.3% (95/584) had sub-clinical mastitis and 4.8% (28/584) had clinical mastitis. Herd-level prevalence was 49.3%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (27.6%), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (25.2%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (16.3%), <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (15.5%) and <i>Streptococcus</i> spp. (1.6%) were the most common isolates. In individual cows, pure dairy herds (OR = 6.3) and dairy crosses (OR = 3.1) were more likely to have mastitis compared to Mashona cows. Farms that used pre-milking teat dipping were associated with reduced mastitis prevalence. Further research is needed on the prevalence of mastitis and a comparison of data for both smallholder and commercial dairy farms in all regions of Zimbabwe should be undertaken. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a9.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Scacchia, Massimo Di Provvido, Andrea Ippoliti, Carla Kefle, Uqbazghi Sebhatu, Tesfaalem T. D'Angelo, Annarita De Massis, Fabrizio </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-4</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> In order to get a reliable estimate of brucellosis prevalence in Eritrean dairy cattle, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009. The survey considered the sub-population of dairy cattle reared in modern small- and medium-sized farms. Samples were screened with the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and positive cases were confirmed with the complement fixation test (CFT). A total of 2.77% (417/15 049; Credibility Interval CI: 2.52% - 3.05%) of the animals tested in this study were positive for antibodies to <i>Brucella</i> species, with a variable and generally low distribution of positive animals at regional level. The highest seroprevalence was found in the Maekel region (5.15%; CI: 4.58% - 5.80%), followed by the Debub (1.99%; CI: 1.59% - 2.50%) and Gash-Barka (1.71%; CI: 1.34% - 2.20%) regions. Seroprevalence at sub-regional levels was also generally low, except for two sub-regions of Debub and the sub-region Haicota from the Gash-Barka region. Seroprevalence was high and more uniformly distributed in the Maekel region, namely in the Asmara, Berik and Serejeka sub-regions. Considering the overall low brucellosis prevalence in the country, as identified by the present study, a brucellosis eradication programme for dairy farms using a test-and-slaughter policy would be possible. However, to encourage the voluntary participation of farmers to the programme and to raise their awareness of the risks related to the disease for animals and humans, an extensive public awareness campaign should be carefully considered, as well as strict and mandatory dairy movement control. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a10.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Petzer, Inge-Marie Karzis, Joanne Meyer, Isabel A. Van der Schans, Theodorus J. </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-6</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> The indirect effects of mastitis treatment are often overlooked in cost-benefit analyses, but it may be beneficial for the dairy industry to consider them. The cost of mastitis treatment may increase when the duration of intra-mammary infections are prolonged due to misdiagnosis of host-adapted mastitis. Laboratory diagnosis of mastitis can be costly and time consuming, therefore cow-side tests such as the California Milk Cell Test (CMCT) and Milk Electrical Resistance (MER) need to be utilised to their full potential. The aim of this study was to determine the relative benefit of using these two tests separately and in parallel. This was done using a partial-budget analysis and a cost-benefit model to estimate the benefits and costs of each respective test and the parallel combination thereof. Quarter milk samples (<i>n</i> = 1860) were taken from eight different dairy herds in South Africa. Milk samples were evaluated by means of the CMCT, hand-held MER meter and cyto-microbiological laboratory analysis. After determining the most appropriate cut-off points for the two cow-side tests, the sensitivity and specificity of the CMCT (<i>Se</i> = 1.00, <i>Sp</i> = 0.66), MER (<i>Se</i> = 0.92, <i>Sp</i> = 0.62) and the tests done in parallel (<i>Se</i> = 1.00, <i>Sp</i> = 0.87) were calculated. The input data that were used for partial-budget analysis and in the cost-benefit model were based on South African figures at the time of the study, and on literature. The total estimated financial benefit of correct diagnosis of host-adapted mastitis per cow for the CMCT, MER and the tests done in parallel was R898.73, R518.70 and R1064.67 respectively. This involved taking the expected benefit of a correct test result per cow, the expected cost of an error per cow and the cost of the test into account. The CMCT was shown to be 11% more beneficial than the MER test, whilst using the tests in parallel was shown to be the most beneficial method for evaluating the mastitis-control programme. Therefore, it is recommended that the combined tests should be used strategically in practice to monitor udder health and promote a pro-active udder health approach when dealing with host-adapted pathogens. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a11.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Ferreira, Maryke L. Avenant-Oldewage, Annemarie </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-4</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> A total of 257 fishes from four families, Clariidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae and Schilbeidae were collected from three localities: the Sand River Dam, Swaziland; the Nylsvlei Nature Reserve, South Africa and the Vaal Dam and Vaal River Barrage, South Africa. Only fishes (<i>n</i> = 154) from Clariidae and Cichlidae were found to be infected with trypanosomes. A total of 221 <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> (Burchell 1822) were collected from the Vaal Dam and Vaal Barrage area, South Africa. Of these, 74% (89/121) were infected with trypanosomes from the Vaal Dam and 63% (63/100) from the Vaal River Barrage, with no seasonal infection pattern. A prevalence of 25% (1/4) was found in <i>C. gariepinus</i> from the Sand River Dam, Swaziland, and a 50% (1/2) prevalence was found in <i>Tilapia sparrmanii</i> from the Nylsvlei Nature Reserve, South Africa. Standard measurements conformed closely to the morphometric and morphological descriptions of <i>Trypanosoma mukasai</i>. This article provides new locality records for <i>T. mukasai</i> from the Vaal Dam, Vaal River Barrage and Nylsvlei Nature Reserve (South Africa) and the Sand River Dam (Swaziland). <i>Tilapia sparrmanii</i> collected in the Sand River Dam in Swaziland is also noted as a new host record. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a12.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Geysen, Dirk Berkvens, Dirk </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> Referring to the article of Kivaria <i>et al.</i> (2012), 'Epidemiological perspectives of ticks and tickborne diseases in South Sudan: Cross-sectional survey results', in your journal, we wish to comment on the statement made by the authors that the Muguga cocktail can be used for the immunisation of cattle in South Sudan. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a13.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Gordon, Stuart Bolwell, Charlotte Rogers, Chris Guthrie, Alan Magunda, Forgivemore Hove, Pertonella </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-5</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> A study of the prevalence of African horse sickness in horses was conducted, using records from two private equine practices in Harare for the period 1998-2004. Results indicated a higher prevalence of the disease in horses in Zimbabwe in the late rainy season (March-May). Age of the horse was found to be a significant risk factor, with foals or yearlings appearing to be 1.80 times more likely to contract the disease compared with horses older than two years. The case fatality rate in foals or yearlings was also higher than in older age groups, but this difference was not significant. The vaccination status was an important risk factor, with vaccinated horses 0.12 times less likely to die from the disease compared with unvaccinated horses. Young, unvaccinated horses therefore seem to be the most susceptible to the disease and have greater chances of fatality. This study highlights the importance of adequately protecting horses against African horse sickness by providing immunisation through vaccination and discusses the need to review current vaccination strategies being practiced in Zimbabwe. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a14.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Botha, Christo J. Coetser, Heleen Schultz, Rowena A. Labuschagne, Leonie Van der Merwe, Deon </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-6</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> <i/>Moraea pallida </i> (yellow tulp) poisoning is economically the most important intoxication of livestock in South Africa. Poisoning varies according to locality, climatic conditions and growth stage of the plant. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentration of the toxic principle, epoxyscillirosidine, in yellow tulp leaves and to ascertain the variability of epoxyscillirosidine concentrations within and between different locations. A secondary objective was to utilise Geographic Information Systems in an attempt to explain the variability in toxicity. Flowering yellow tulp plants were collected at 26 sampling points across 20 districts of South Africa. The leaves of five plants per sampling point were extracted and submitted for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. A large variation in mean epoxyscillirosidine concentrations, ranging from 3.32 &#956;g/g - 238.27 &#956;g/g, occurred between different geographical regions. The epoxyscillirosidine concentrations also varied tremendously between individual plants (<i/>n</i> = 5) collected at the same sampling point, with up to a 24 times difference between the lowest and highest concentration detected. No generalised correlation between epoxyscillirosidine concentrations and soil elemental concentrations could be established. However, samples obtained from the north-eastern part of the sampling region tended to have higher epoxyscillirosidine concentrations compared to samples obtained from the south-western part of the sampling region. Higher toxin concentrations in the north-east were associated with statistically significant higher soil concentrations of iron, bismuth, bromide, cadmium, chromium, rubidium, tellurium, thallium, titanium and zinc, whilst soil concentrations of strontium and soil pH, were significantly lower. This study corroborated the contention that epoxyscillirosidine concentration in yellow tulp fluctuates and may explain the variability in toxicity. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/opvet/opvet_v80_n1_a15.pdf <UL><LI><b>Author:</b> Taylor, William A. Skinner, John D. Boomker, Joop </LI><LI><b>Vol 80 Issue 1</b></LI> <LI><b>Publication:</b> 2013</LI> <LI><b>Page:</b> 1-4</LI> <LI><b>Abstract:</b> The abundance and distribution of parasitic helminths in populations of African buffaloes, <i/>Syncerus caffer, </i>have not been well documented. A total of 28 buffaloes of different ages and sexes were sampled in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, for nematodes of the small intestine. Three nematode species were identified, namely <i/>Cooperia fuelleborni, Cooperia hungi</i> and <i/>Trichostrongylus deflexus, </i> with <i/>C. hungi</i> being a new country record for African buffalo in South Africa. The overall prevalence was 71% and the average number of worms was 2346 (range: 0-15 980). This is a small burden for such a large mammal. Sex, age and body condition of the buffaloes had no significant effect on worm occurrence. </LI></UL> 2013-06-13T09:56:46Z